Engineering & Hardware Utilities
Precision calculators for PCB trace geometry, passive networks, RF microstrip impedance, and MCU peripherals based on IPC standards.
Voltage Divider Calculator
Loaded vs. unloaded output calculations and standard E24 resistor pairing
Circuit Inputs
Ohm's LawDivider Output & Dissipation
Mathematical Formula & Engineering Rules
Vout (loaded) = Vin × [ (R2 || RL) / (R1 + (R2 || RL)) ]
Worked Engineering Example
Target: Step down 12V battery voltage to 3.3V ADC input on an STM32 with 10kΩ input impedance.
- Select R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 3.8 kΩ (nearest standard E24 = 3.9 kΩ).
- Unloaded Vout = 12 × (3.9 / (10 + 3.9)) = 3.367 V.
- With 100k ADC load: R2 || RL = 3.75 kΩ → Loaded Vout = 3.27 V.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1:
Explore Sibling Calculators
Trace Width Calculator
Conductor width, cross-section area, resistance, and temperature rise
SMD Code Decoder
3-digit, 4-digit, and EIA-96 precision resistor marking decoding
Battery Life Estimator
Battery capacity, active/sleep duty cycles, and operating lifespan
LED Resistor
Forward voltage drop, source voltage, and operating current calculation
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